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`*`!Trichoderma koningii`!`* is a very common soil dwelling `F33f`_`[saprotroph`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Saprotroph]`_`f with a worldwide distribution.`:cite-ref-lieckfeldt1998-1-0[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-lieckfeldt1998-1]`_`f] It has been heavily exploited for agricultural use as an effective `F33f`_`[biopesticide`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Biopesticide]`_`f, having been frequently cited as an alternative biological control agent in the regulation of fungi-induced plant diseases.`:cite-ref-singh2014-2-0[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-singh2014-2]`_`f]`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] They are `F33f`_`[endosymbionts`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Endosymbiont]`_`f associated with plant root tissues, exhibiting `F33f`_`[mycoparasitism`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mycoparasitism]`_`f and promoting plant growth due to their capacity to produce different `F33f`_`[secondary metabolites`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Secondary_metabolite]`_`f.`:cite-ref-braithwaite2017-4-0[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-braithwaite2017-4]`_`f]

`*Trichoderma koningii`* is a species belonging to the genus `*`F33f`_`[Trichoderma`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Trichoderma]`_`f`*. Fungi in this genus are able to adapt to different `F33f`_`[ecological niches`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ecological_niche]`_`f and can colonize their habitats effectively, allowing them to be powerful `F33f`_`[antagonists`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Antagonist]`_`f and biocontrol agents.`:cite-ref-schuster2010-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-schuster2010-5]`_`f] Typical of `*Trichoderma`* species is having a fast growth rate and the production of green or `F33f`_`[hyaline`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hyaline]`_`f `F33f`_`[conidia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Conidia]`_`f on a branched `F33f`_`[conidiophore`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Conidiophore]`_`f structure.`:cite-ref-schuster2010-5-1[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-schuster2010-5]`_`f]`:cite-ref-duplessis2018-6-0[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-duplessis2018-6]`_`f]

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[History and taxonomy`#history-and-taxonomy]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Growth and morphology`#growth-and-morphology]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Physiology`#physiology]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Habitat and ecology`#habitat-and-ecology]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Applications`#applications]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Agriculture`#agriculture]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Medicine`#medicine]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[External links`#external-links]`_`f

-─

>>History and taxonomy

`*Trichoderma koningii`* was first described by the Dutch mycologist Oudemans in 1902 as one of the species in the microbial flora he obtained from a nature preserve in The `F33f`_`[Netherlands`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Netherlands]`_`f.`:cite-ref-mycobank2018-7-0[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-mycobank2018-7]`_`f] After the genus was erected in 1794, there was difficulty in distinguishing and identifying the different species apart due to their very similar morphological characteristics. It wasn't until 1969 that a concept of classification was proposed by Rifai to reduce confusion on the taxonomy of `*Trichoderma`*.`:cite-ref-schuster2010-5-2[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-schuster2010-5]`_`f] He recognized `*T. koningii`* as one of the nine "aggregates" or groups of species in the genus. This aggregate consists of 12 species within three lineages that have similar morphology as the "true" `*T. koningii`* but can be differentiated from each other by their phenotypic characters and geographic distributions.`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-1[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] In 1991, Bissett divided the genus into five sections to classify the species on the basis of the branching of conidiophores. He included `*T. koningii`* in `*Trichoderma`* sect. `*Trichoderma`*.`:cite-ref-bissett1991-8-0[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-bissett1991-8]`_`f] In 2004, Chaverri and Samuels proposed another taxonomic classification based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. `*T. koningii`* and its aggregates were included in the `*T. viride`* clade.`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-2[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f]

>>Growth and morphology

The conidiophores of `*T. koningii`* are branched and organized in a pyramidal structure with longer branches at the base that progressively shortens as it nears the tip. Primary and secondary branches arise in a right-angle degree and are often symmetrical on either side of the node along the main axis. `F33f`_`[Phialides`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Phialide]`_`f are usually in 3–4 whorls that arise from the tip of the main branch and from lateral branches at intercalary positions on the conidiophore.`:cite-ref-lieckfeldt1998-1-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-lieckfeldt1998-1]`_`f] Some phialides on widely-spaced branches are flask-shaped, resembling a wine bottle, whereas some tend to have a very swollen middle when in dense clusters or "pseudo-`F33f`_`[whorls`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Whorl_(botany)]`_`f".`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-3[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] `*T. koningii`* typically produces smooth and `F33f`_`[ellipsoidal`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ellipsoidal]`_`f (egg-shaped) conidia, with a mean length of 4.1–4.3 μm, that aggregates in a slimy green mass at the tip of the phialides. The `F33f`_`[chlamydospores`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Chlamydospores]`_`f are pale brown, globe-like in shape, and are located at terminal and intercalary positions on the hyphae.`:cite-ref-barron1968-9-0[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-barron1968-9]`_`f]

In culture, colonies display rapid growth on `F33f`_`[potato dextrose agar`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Potato_dextrose_agar]`_`f (PDA), as cream-coloured in the beginning but later turns green because of sporulation.`:cite-ref-domsch1980-10-0[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-domsch1980-10]`_`f]`:cite-ref-barron1968-9-1[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-barron1968-9]`_`f] `*T. koningii`* grows at an optimum temperature of 25 °C in darkness, producing white `F33f`_`[mycelium`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mycelium]`_`f with a radius of 50–60 mm. During conidial production, colouration first begins at the centre then later spreads outward in dark or dull green concentric rings that are vague to noticeable.`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-4[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] Maximum temperature for growth is observed at 33 °C, which reduces their pathogenic potential in humans.`:cite-ref-howard2007-11-0[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-howard2007-11]`_`f]

Like most `*Trichoderma`* species, this fungus has a sexual state. The `F33f`_`[teleomorph`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Teleomorph]`_`f, `*Hypocrea koningii`*, is characterized by cushion-shaped stromata (sing. stroma) that are broadly attached to the surface of a substrate but are free at the margins. The surface of the stroma appears slightly-wrinkled. Mature stromata are brown to brownish-orange, whereas the young ones have a tan color with villi sprouting from the surface. These short hairs are lost during development. `F33f`_`[Perithecia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Perithecia]`_`f (fruiting bodies) are `F33f`_`[elliptic`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Elliptic]`_`f, 160–280 μm long and 100–185 μm wide. The perithecial neck has a length of 53–90 μm. Asci (sing. `F33f`_`[ascus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ascus]`_`f) within the fruiting bodies are typically `F33f`_`[cylindrical`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cylinder]`_`f, with dimensions of 60–70 x 4–5.7 μm and thickening at the apex. The `F33f`_`[ascospores`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ascospores]`_`f of `*H. koningii`* are hyaline and fill up the ascus in a single row. They are initially `F33f`_`[bicellular`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bicellular]`_`f but have become separated into part-ascospores. The proximal part of the ascospore is ellipsoidal while the distal part is globe-like and longer.`:cite-ref-lieckfeldt1998-1-2[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-lieckfeldt1998-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-5[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f]

>>Physiology

`*Trichoderma koningii`* is employed as a biological control agent because of its mycoparasitic and antagonistic ability. This fungus is capable of biosynthesizing `F33f`_`[silver nanoparticles`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Silver_nanoparticles]`_`f, `F33f`_`[volatile organic compounds`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volatile_organic_compounds]`_`f and secondary metabolites such as trichokonins, koninginins, and `F33f`_`[pyrones`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Pyrone]`_`f.`:cite-ref-schuster2010-5-3[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-schuster2010-5]`_`f] Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are produced via the `F33f`_`[reduction`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Redox]`_`f and capping of Ag+ to Ag0 by the enzymes and proteins released by `*T. koningii`*.`:cite-ref-tripathi2013-12-0[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-tripathi2013-12]`_`f] Koninginins are substances capable of inhibiting the process of inflammation. Koninginins isolated from `*T. koningii`* are identified to be A, E, F, L and M (KonA, KonE, KonF, KonL, KonM).`:cite-ref-souza2008-13-0[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-souza2008-13]`_`f] Trichokonins are `F33f`_`[peptaibols`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Peptaibol]`_`f that exhibit antimicrobial property. Other `F33f`_`[polyketides`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Polyketides]`_`f reportedly isolated from `*T. koningii`* are Trichodermaketones A-D, 7-O-Methylkoninginin D, and `F33f`_`[6-pentyl alpha pyrone`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=6-Amyl-α-pyrone]`_`f which can inhibit the germination of other fungal spores.`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-6[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f]`:cite-ref-song2010-14-0[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-song2010-14]`_`f]`:cite-ref-lang2015-15-0[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-lang2015-15]`_`f]

`*T. koningii`* is also reported to produce `F33f`_`[calcium oxalate crystals`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Calcium_oxalate_crystals]`_`f, particularly `F33f`_`[weddellite`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Weddellite]`_`f, via `F33f`_`[biomineralization`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Biomineralization]`_`f. The process occurs intracellularly and extracellularly with respect to the fungus. The intracellular process involves the `F33f`_`[vegetative growth`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Vegetative_reproduction]`_`f of the mycelium. The extracellular activity occurs through the reaction between the calcium in the environment and `F33f`_`[oxalic acid`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Oxalic_acid]`_`f secreted by the fungus, leading to the production of biomineral species.`:cite-ref-oyarbide2001-16-0[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-oyarbide2001-16]`_`f]

>>Habitat and ecology

Typical of `*Trichoderma`*, `*T. koningii`* is a good colonizer of its habitat. Saprophytic growth occurs in acidified soils and soils with high water content (i.e. `F33f`_`[chernozem`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Chernozem]`_`f, `F33f`_`[podzol`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Podzol]`_`f).`:cite-ref-wakelin1999-17-0[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-wakelin1999-17]`_`f] It is often isolated from under pine and coniferous trees, vegetation, plantations, grasslands, `F33f`_`[marshes`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Marshes]`_`f, `F33f`_`[swamps`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Swamps]`_`f, and `F33f`_`[peats`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Peat]`_`f. `*T. koningii`* also thrives in other environments, including growing on decaying wood, in marine species, `F33f`_`[estuarine sediments`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Estuaries]`_`f, and in mines and caves.`:cite-ref-duplessis2018-6-1[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-duplessis2018-6]`_`f]`:cite-ref-domsch1980-10-1[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-domsch1980-10]`_`f] The fruiting bodies commonly grow on tree bark`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-7[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] and stromata tend to be scattered, often solitary than in clusters.`:cite-ref-lieckfeldt1998-1-3[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-lieckfeldt1998-1]`_`f] It is distributed widely in `F33f`_`[Europe`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Europe]`_`f, the `F33f`_`[United States`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=United_States]`_`f, and `F33f`_`[Canada`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Canada]`_`f.`:cite-ref-samuels2006-3-8[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-samuels2006-3]`_`f] Recent surveys have reported that some strains of `*T. koningii`* are also found to be present in `F33f`_`[New Zealand`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=New_Zealand]`_`f`:cite-ref-braithwaite2017-4-1[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-braithwaite2017-4]`_`f] and `F33f`_`[South Africa`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=South_Africa]`_`f.`:cite-ref-duplessis2018-6-2[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-duplessis2018-6]`_`f]

>>Applications

>>>Agriculture

`*Trichoderma koningii`* are plant symbionts that induce resistance against fungal pathogen attack and stimulate growth. It acts as a parasite to other fungi, particularly those that cause diseases to plants, by inhibiting their growth or attacking them directly. It is antagonistic to various plant pathogens such as `*`F33f`_`[Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Take-all]`_`f`* (`*Ggt`*), `*`F33f`_`[Sclerotium rolfsii`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Athelia_rolfsii]`_`f`*, and `*`F33f`_`[Sclerotium cepivorum`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Stromatinia_cepivora]`_`f`*. It inhibits the growth of `*Ggt`* by releasing its microbial compounds. It colonizes the `F33f`_`[rhizospheres`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Rhizosphere]`_`f to interact with the roots of seedlings and plants, preventing `*S. rolfsii`* from `F33f`_`[damping-off`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Damping-off]`_`f the seedlings before they can germinate.`:cite-ref-tsahouridou2002-18-0[`F5bf`_`[18`#cite-note-tsahouridou2002-18]`_`f] `*T. koningii`* antagonizes `*S. cepivorum`* by acting as a secondary colonizer of the infected plant roots and secreting enzymes that cause the degradation and `F33f`_`[lysis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lysis]`_`f of the pathogen.`:cite-ref-metcalf2001-19-0[`F5bf`_`[19`#cite-note-metcalf2001-19]`_`f]`:cite-ref-song2006-20-0[`F5bf`_`[20`#cite-note-song2006-20]`_`f]

>>>Medicine

Several studies have described the ability of `*T. koningii`* to produce enzymes that exhibit antifungal and antibacterial properties. Koninginins bear similar structural elements as `F33f`_`[flavonoids`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Flavonoids]`_`f and `F33f`_`[vitamin E`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Vitamin_E]`_`f. They can inhibit the process of inflammation caused by snake bites. They can block the effects of `F33f`_`[myotoxins`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Myotoxin]`_`f and induction of `F33f`_`[edema`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Edema]`_`f because they can inhibit phospholipase A2, one of the proteins found in venoms.`:cite-ref-souza2008-13-1[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-souza2008-13]`_`f] AgNPs produced using `*T. koningii`* are recognized as alternatives to antibiotics and are tools for `F33f`_`[gene delivery`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Gene_delivery]`_`f and `F33f`_`[drug delivery`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Drug_delivery]`_`f. They also show antagonism against `F33f`_`[Gram-positive`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Gram-positive]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Gram-negative`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Gram-negative]`_`f bacteria, respectively `*`F33f`_`[Candida albicans`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Candida_albicans]`_`f`* and `*`F33f`_`[Salmonella typhimurium`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Salmonella_typhimurium]`_`f`*.`:cite-ref-tripathi2013-12-1[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-tripathi2013-12]`_`f]

>>References

`:cite-note-lieckfeldt1998-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-lieckfeldt1998-1-0]`_`f `:citereflieckfeldtsamuels-gary-j-b-rner-thomasgams-walter1998`aLieckfeldt, Elke; Samuels, Gary J.; Börner, Thomas; Gams, Walter (1998). "`*Trichoderma koningii`*: neotypification and `*Hypocrea`* teleomorph". `*Canadian Journal of Botany`*. `!76`! (9): 1507–1522. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1139/b98-090.

`:cite-note-singh2014-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-singh2014-2-0]`_`f `:citerefsinghsarma-birinchi-k-singh-harikesh-b-upadhyay-r-s-2014`aSingh, Akanksha; Sarma, Birinchi K.; Singh, Harikesh B.; Upadhyay, R.S. (2014). Trichorderma`*: A Silent Worker of Plant Rhizopshere`* (PDF). pp. 533–542. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1016/B978-0-444-59576-8.00040-0. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 9780444595768. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 241244418. `B100`F9d9{{cite book}}`f`b: `B100`F9d9|journal=`f`b ignored (help)

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>>External links

• Media related to Trichoderma koningii at Wikimedia Commons

• Index Fungorum

• USDA ARS Fungal Database

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